--- title: Monero ticker: XMR category: Layer 1 written_by: Unknown status: draft updated: 2026-10-31 --- # Monero Monero is a proof-of-work cryptocurrency designed to conceal transaction participants and amounts on its public blockchain. Its native currency is XMR. The project's history dates its launch to April 2014, using the CryptoNote reference code, followed by a community-led change in project leadership.[^about][^spec] | | | |---|---| | Currency | XMR | | Launch | April 2014 | | Consensus | Proof of work | | Mining algorithm | RandomX[^about] | | Target block interval | Two minutes[^spec] | | Tail emission | 0.6 XMR per block[^faq] | ## Privacy mechanisms Monero combines mechanisms addressing different parts of a payment. Ring signatures obscure which candidate output is being spent. Stealth addresses protect the recipient's address linkage, while Ring Confidential Transactions, or RingCT, conceal amounts. Its technical documentation characterises sender privacy as probabilistic: plausible alternatives are part of the protection, rather than a guarantee that every possible observation is harmless.[^spec] The network must still enforce spending rules. The project's FAQ explains that cryptographic commitments allow verification that transaction values balance without publicly revealing the individual amounts. Hiding amounts therefore does not mean abandoning validation of the currency's accounting rules.[^faq] ## Mining and monetary policy RandomX is designed for general-purpose CPUs and to reduce the advantage of specialised mining hardware. The project's stated aim is to broaden participation in mining; the design objective should not be confused with a guarantee against concentration among miners.[^about] Monero has no fixed terminal supply. Its tail emission began on 9 June 2022 and provides 0.6 XMR per block, targeting one block every two minutes. This maintains a continuing block subsidy alongside transaction fees. Because the absolute issuance rate is fixed while the outstanding supply grows, its percentage contribution to supply declines over time.[^faq] ## Limits and research Blockchain privacy and network privacy are separate concerns. Monero's technical documentation says Dandelion++ makes transaction propagation harder to follow, but does not protect against every network observer. Using a remote node does not provide IP-address protection by default. The choice of wallet and network configuration therefore matters alongside the transaction format.[^spec] Research by Hammad and Victor in 2024 examined tracing heuristics arising from wallet bugs and identifiable transaction patterns. The paper studied when these heuristics applied and how they could reduce the number of plausible decoys. Such work illustrates why privacy claims depend on software behaviour and the available evidence; it does not establish that all Monero transactions can be traced.[^research] ## See also - [Bitcoin](bitcoin.md) - [Cryptocurrency wallet](cryptocurrency-wallet.md) - [Ethereum](ethereum.md) ## References [^about]: Monero Project. *About Monero*. [^spec]: Monero documentation. *Monero technical specification*. [^faq]: Monero Project. *Frequently asked questions*. [^research]: Hammad, N. and Victor, F. (2024). *Monero traceability heuristics: wallet application bugs and the Mordinal-P2Pool perspective*.